how did lord darnley die

Mary was 18 when she returned to her homeland from France, her youthfulness belying the royal ambition that consumed her. And like most noblewomen of her time, she busied herself with embroidery and played the lute and the virginal. While it is not exactly clear where the gunpowder was bought, barrels upon barrels of it were blown up from the cellars of the house Darnley was staying in. Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany, also known as Lord Darnley, was the second husband and cousin of Mary Queen of Scots. Mary, Queen of Scots - Wikipedia She tried to explain, but she didnt ask or demand action against Bothwell. The National Archives have a wonderful report entitled "Kirk o'Field - What happened in 1567" which was produced for teachers but which contains a contemporary sketch of Kirk o'Field (and zoomed in sections), extracts from letters from Mary to Bothwell, and an extract from a letter from Elizabeth I to Mary. Darnley was in the house next door, which was in a very dilapidated state, so, because the explosion was in the salle, it took down the Provosts House as well. That event in February 1567 began the fall of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the beginning of the end for the Scottish monarchy. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (1546 10 February 1567), was an English nobleman who was the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the father of James VI of Scotland and I of England. Therefore that means that he managed to get out of the building before the explosion occurred, because the building he was in was reduced to rubble. [9] In 1559 Nicholas Throckmorton, the English ambassador in Paris, warned Elizabeth that Elder was "as dangerous for the matters of England as any he knew. In 1561 he went to Scotland with the Duke of Savoy's ambassador. The partially clothed bodies of Lord Darnley, the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and his servant were found in a nearby orchard, apparently strangled but unharmed by the explosion.. Joseph Bain (London, 1900), pp. James Hepburn, 1st Duke of Orkney and 4th Earl of Bothwell ( c.1534 - 14 April 1578), better known simply as Lord Bothwell, was a prominent Scottish nobleman. Riccio was the son of a musician. The subsequent release of Darnley into Scotland and the restoration of his father at the Scottish Court were part of this policy: the political disaster of the Darnley marriage as yet unforeseen."[20]. Macauley, Sarah. Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 - 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart [3] or Mary I of Scotland, [4] was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication in 1567. [23][24], The French valet, Nicolas Hubert, called Paris, said that Bothwell came to the lodging with Mary, and making the excuse that he needed the toilet, took Paris aside and asked him for the keys. When they arrived at the Provost's Lodging, Mary made her servant Servais de Cond provide hangings for the chamber and a new black velvet bed. After the explosion, Sir William Drury reported to the English Secretary of State William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, that James Balfour had purchased gunpowder worth 60 pounds Scots shortly beforehand. On the night of Saturday, 9 March 1566 Mary, Queen of Scots' private secretary, David Rizzio, was murdered in the queen's private chambers at the Palace of Holyroodhouse. Gender: Male Race or Ethnicity: White . To be sure there was no direct evidence establishing Bothwell as the murderer, but for those associated with the royal court, it was only too easy to guess. Receive the latest news, practical advice, videos and competitions in a monthly email put together by the magazines editorial team. The family's Scottish estates were forfeited[6] and his father went into exile in England for 22 years, returning to Scotland in 1564. Curiously, he appeared not to have been killed by the explosion but by strangulation. Bothwell was a ruthless opportunist aiming at nothing less than the kingship of Scotland. Bothwell escaped and sailed to Shetland and then Norway. Interestingly, however, it seems that Darnley was not killed by the explosion that night. All of these interrelationships made for complex intrigues, spying, strategising and manoeuvering for power at the various courts. [27] In England, a concerned Privy council debated the perils of the intended marriage on 4 June. Adjacent was the lodging of James Hamilton, Duke of Chtellerault. Crokat grabbed at one man and asked about the explosion, receiving no answer. There are three possible ways Darnley met his end of days, says Professsor Black. Darnley's sexuality has been subject to debate. Darnley's mother, formerly Margaret Douglas, had a claim to the English crown as granddaughter of Henry VII. At the core, he was, in Magnusson's words, "shallow, vain, weak, indolent, selfish, arrogant, vindictive and irremediably spoiled." Hamilton House was then incorporated as the first major building of the University of Edinburgh. A proclamation was made at the Cross of Edinburgh on 28 July 1565 that government would be in the joint names of the king and queen of Scots, thus making Darnley king and giving him equality with, and precedence over, Mary. Melville went to Holyroodhouse the next day and spoke to the Earl of Bothwell, who told him that thunder or a flash had come out of the sky, saying "souder came out of the luft", and burnt the house and there was "not a hurt nor a mark" on the body. Mary, Queen of Scots - Family, Reign & Death - Biography What a cruel and insensitive man, divorcing his wife, Jean Gordon who welcomed Mary into her home and then marrying the Queen!..I can see why the Puritan Lords now saw Mary as a hussy and believed that she had married her lover and accomplish. The murder 25 years later of Henry Lord Darnley, her consort and the father of the infant who would become King James I of England and James VI of Scotland, remains one of history's most notorious unsolved crimes. Darnley was the author of 'Darnley's Ballet', 'Gife langour makis men licht', and potentially 'Quhair luve is kendlit confortless' [attribution uncertain] printed in the Bannatyne manuscript (1570 ca.).[63][64]. Fearful of the conspiracy he considered taking ship at Leith. [2] As a great-great-great-grandson of James II of Scotland and great-grandson of Henry VII of England, Darnley had potential claims to both the Scottish and English thrones. Yet when it was time to remarry she made a costly mistake in her choice of a mate, settling on her first cousin Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, son of the formidable Earl of Lennox. He then insisted that she go with him to Dunbar, to his castle, so that he could protect her. The 'tragedy' of Lord Darnley - Medieval manuscripts blog Bothwell was indicted for treason and acquitted, but six of his servants and acquaintances were subsequently arrested, tried, and executed for the crime. It is these notes which Guy says give us a "glimpse" into Cecil's thoughts as he read letters that were "dynamite" in that if they were indeed genuine then "an anointed Queen could justifiably be deposed from her throne, Elizabeth's 'safety' would be guaranteed, and the threat of an international Guise conspiracy ended for ever"2. Bothwell escaped to Shetland and Norway. [12] Lennox's plan was to appeal directly to the Queen of Scots via her ambassador, over the heads of Elizabeth and the Guise. Letter 2 contained "seemingly graphic allusions to the murder plot interspersed with its author's protestations of longing and desire for her lover"9 and Guy explains that the case against Mary rested on seven key extracts from the letter. King Henry VIII ruled England for 36 years, yet his reign remains k London gangster William 'Billy' Hill helped shape the criminal care 2023 Irish Studio. Mary had been looking at options for removing Darnley, and had discussed ideas at Craigmillar Castle in November 1566, though her ideas were for divorce. You can also read some of what was in the casket in An examination of the letters, said to be written by Mary queen of Scots, to James Earl Bothwell: Volume II ed. It was crowded with scholars, poets, artists, and musicians. Typical of the era, the events following Darnley's murder were dramatic, ruthless, and bloody. There is no hint of any culpability on Queen Mary's part in regard to the Darnley murder in Sir Walter Scott's romantic epitaph: Thus died Queen Mary, aged a little above 44 years. Darnley, strangely enough, was not killed by the blast and was instead strangled to death. this is all wrong we dont know if it was mary and bothwell!!!!!! On his return to Edinburgh with Queen Mary early in 1567, Darnley took residence in the Old Provost's lodging, a two-storey house within the church quadrangle. The more outraged Mary became over her husband's stupidity and lewd behaviour, the more she looked to Rizzio for consolation. Both Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of Henry VII of England, and they both had Tudor and Stuart blood in their veins. Second, Mary had fallen into their trap by wedding Bothwell. His insistence that he be awarded the Crown Matrimonial was still a source of marital frustration. When did Lord Darnley die? [17] His interrogation at the Tower of London in February 1562 revealed that he had obtained intelligence about the English Court from the Spanish ambassador, and the ambassador had entrusted him and Hugh Allen with messages and tokens for the Lennoxes and Darnley. Did Lord Darnley Have Syphilis? - FAQS Clear He failed to participate in the business of the royal court. Mary's private secretary, David Rizzio, was stabbed 56 times on 9 March 1566 by Darnley and his confederates, Protestant Scottish nobles, in the presence of the queen, who was six months pregnant. The best places to eat in London: The 2023 hotlist, The British pie 10 fun facts you didnt know. There was a political dilemma in England arising from the dynastic ambition of the Lennoxes: Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, was third in line to the Scottish throne, and his wife Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, was a niece of Henry VIII, making her a potential successor to the English throne if Elizabeth should die. Well, they start writing Mary letters, saying that she should overthrow Elizabeth, and stupidly, Mary responds. In September 1564, the Scottish Parliament restored Matthew Stewart's rights and titles as Earl of Lennox, and listened to a lengthy speech from the Queen's secretary William Maitland, who offered; "[I]t may be affirmid Scotland in na manis age that presentlie levis wes in gritter tranquillitie. Perhaps Elizabeth feared that these investigations could also be directed at herself, or her inaction was intended to ensure the survival of the monarchy by not reducing the number of potential heirs. Scotland's renowned 19th-century man of letters, Sir Walter Scott, after noting that Parliament in 1560 had declared Scotland a Protestant nation, wrote about Queen Mary's return home: Her youth, for she was only 18 when she returned to Scotland, increased the liveliness of her disposition. It appears that both men were intercepted and murdered. Whether his throat was cut though this wasnt represented, of course, on Cecils image, thats not something that Queen Elizabeth I would have wanted put out there as propaganda, or whether he was suffocated, which was another suggestion, with a cloth soaked in vinegar put over his face, that we cant tell. Lord Darnley, the spouse of Mary, Queen of Scots, was not a good husband, so when he and his manservant were found dead at Kirk o'Field in 1567, suspicion fell on his famous wife, but the Royal Society of Edinburgh recently re-opened the case There are two points of view about the circumstances: in the first, Bothwell kidnapped the queen, took her to Dunbar Castle, and raped her. At first it appears to be an eye-witness account of the murder scene. The head of Dalgleish, who had delivered the casket letters to the Earl of Morton, was set on the Netherbow gate of Edinburgh. He was known for his marriage to Mary, Queen of Scots, as her third and final husband. Henry was said to be strong, athletic, skilled in horsemanship and weaponry, and passionate about hunting and hawking. First, it presented a public statement that the preferences of Parliament (the claim of Catherine Grey in the succession crisis) could not dictate her own policy. -February 1567 When did Mary Queen of Scots abdicate? [18] Balfour could have stored the powder at the property next-door, also owned by the Balfours, and then mined the prince's lodgings by moving the powder from one cellar to the next. A lady in waiting, Madame de Bryant gave him a fried egg for his breakfast. John Guy writes of how the sonnets found in the casket "were said to be Mary's own reflections on her adultery"3 with Bothwell and proof "that her consuming passion for Bothwell gave her a powerful motive for murder. Personally, I see Darnley as a villain and Rizzio and Mary as the victims of him, and in any movie or book I think that would be the way the roles are distributed. I know Mary had come to hate and fear Darnley as a murderer and violent drunk, but its unlikely that she would kill him. [16] Yaxley was employed by the Countess of Lennox. The Memorial of Lord Darnley is a painting which was commissioned by Darnley's parents, the Earl and Countess of Lennox, and is viewed as "a damning indictment of the part played by Mary, Queen of Scots, in the murder of her husband and of her association with the Earl of Bothwell and as a cry for vengeance on Darnleys murderers". Across the city, Queen Mary and the baby prince were safely ensconced at Holyrood House. Many people did not like Mary, a) because she was a woman, and had no heir and b) because she was a Catholic. The Murder of Lord Darnley: Who Killed Henry Stuart? - Wizzley Because we do not have the original Casket Letters, is it very hard to determine who wrote them, and also becuase it was so long ago.Mary was also a threat to Elizabeths throne, because she was Catholic. Elizabeth I ordered a commission to investigate the matter of Mary's involvement in Darnley's murder and on the 14th December 1568 the letters were produced at the Royal Commission as proof against Mary. On 28 August 1565 a pair of diplomatic letters were sent from the Scottish court to the King of Denmark, one signed by Mary, the other by Darnley. -1569 James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell - Wikipedia These Earls made a denial of their involvement in their lifetime. In spite of all she had been through, Mary remained politically astute. Every issue is packed with our inspirational photography, fascinating features, shopping and travel advice. Any thoughts you have on any of the above observations would be welcome. "[14] Lord Paget in March 1560 wrote of the 'well founded' fear that Catholics would raise Darnley to the throne on Elizabeth's death. Must see attractions from the Britain Guide, British summer gardens: Our pick of the best. In February 1565 Darnley, who had been living in England, went to Scotland with the permission of Queen Elizabeth I. [57], In 1928, a paper was published by Karl Pearson,[58] detailing his vast research into the skull of Lord Darnley. (There couldnt have been much of it in Scotland at the time; the military authorities in practically every European country were constantly complaining about the short supply available to them.) And at around 2 am the building exploded, a blast heard and felt throughout Edinburgh. [20] The accused were interrogated after Mary's abdication. If Mary died before having children, he would not become the ruler of Scotland, a privilege known as the Crown Matrimonial. In the political power game playing out around her, she needed a strong ally to protect her from rebellious noblemen. [32] By August 1565, less than a month after the marriage, William Cecil heard that Darnley's insolence had driven Lennox from the Scottish court. Early in the morning of 10 February, the house was destroyed by a gunpowder explosion. Hamilton was also related to the Douglas family, who were no friends of Darnley either. Bothwell was Lord Admiral of Scotland, and although he possessed a reputation for bravery, he was also known to be lecherous, brutal, and power-hungry. Off Our Backs 19 February 1971: 11-. Guy proposed that Moray and his allies knew that theyd never get away with outright forgeries, so to satisfy Elizabeth and establish Marys guilt, they needed carefully to select pages of genuine letters that, once mixed up and doctored, would seem to clinch what they sought to prove. Updates? This banner was described by the French ambassador, Philibert du Croc, and a sketch of the banner was also sent to England. [15], Francis Yaxley was a Catholic spy discovered in 1562 whose activities led to the arrest of the Lennox family. [35], Mary and Darnley's son James (the future King James VI of Scotland and I of England) was born on 19 June 1566 at Edinburgh Castle. Magnusson imparts, too, that Mary's life was not all frivolous. The body of Darnley, who had apparently been strangled, was found in a nearby garden. David Riccio | Italian royal secretary | Britannica Indeed, Bothwell notwithstanding, less than a year after Darnley's death the Scottish lords forced Mary to abdicate and flee to England. Excellent article, thanks. She planned to secure her sons succession in England by his marriage with the other candidate, Mary. Professor Sue Black, director of the Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification at the University of Dundee, chaired a multidisciplinary team atJedburgh Town Hall on September 24, including a historian, pathologist and fire and explosions expert, who examined the evidence as they would afatal accident inquiry the equivalent of a coroners inquest, if you like, explains Professor Black. He was king consort of Scots, and his mysterious death caused a sensation both at home and abroad. He was Elizabeths father.Many people in England at the time thought that Elizabeth was not the true monarch because her father divorced and re married, and they believed that was against God. Mary Queen of Scots was married three times, to: Francis II of France (1558-1560) Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (1565-1567) James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell (1567-1578) Paris was troubled by the conversation, and went to pace up and down in St Giles Kirk. Darnley was unpopular with the other nobles and had a violent streak, aggravated by his drinking. Everybody had their own slant. James Anderson. We decided that, first of all, we needed to have a historian, so Dr Karly Kehoe, whos from Glasgow Caledonian University, very much set the political and the religious and the societal backdrop, so people were aware of who the major players were, who stood to gain from a fatal event, who stood to benefit the most and who was likely to be the victim. I am not sure of the dagger. [49], Soon after Darnley's death, Bothwell and Mary left Edinburgh together. According to Scottish historian Magnus Magnusson, nothing was left of the building. But rumours circulated that Mary's widow weeds were woven discordantly with threads of insincerity. He was an aggressive and unpleasant individual and also had alcohol issues. Mary Stuart was born on December 8, 1542, in Linlithgow Palace, West Lothian, Scotland. Murder of Lord Darnley - Wikipedia The letters were used later at her trial. "Mary, Mary, quite Contrary." He noticed her speaking privately with James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, concealed behind a curtain. [23] James Melville of Halhill reported that "Her Majesty took well with him, and said that he was the lustiest and best proportioned long man that she had seen. [7] According to one narrative of the events, Mary was dressed in men's clothing on that night, "which apparel she loved oftentimes to be in, in dancings secretly with the King her husband, and going in masks by night through the street". Soon after Mary married Darnley, she became aware of his vain, arrogant and unreliable qualities, which threatened the wellbeing of the state. Mary was captured by her enemies at the battle of Carberry Hill. How did lord darnley die? - Answers [40], Their son was baptised Charles James on 17 December 1566 in a Catholic ceremony held at Stirling Castle. According to English diplomats Thomas Randolph and the Earl of Bedford, the murder of Rizzio (who was rumoured to be the father of Mary's unborn child) was part of Darnley's bid to force Mary to cede the Crown Matrimonial. [11] Although Elizabeth was bright, witty, and well-educated for her position, as a female she had to prove herself. So he didnt die in the explosion. Elizabethan England key dates Flashcards | Quizlet Paris was executed on 16 August 1567. It would suit Marys half-brother, James Stuart, if she was executed for murder, as he could very possibly be put on the Scottish throne. [54] Before Morton's execution in 1581, he admitted having knowledge of the murder plot, and that Bothwell and Archibald Douglas were "chief actors" in Darnley's murder. They regarded Elizabeth as illegitimate, her parents' marriage not having been recognised by the Catholic Church. Darnley was apparently smothered. AKA Henry Stewart Darnley. [55], Mary was kept in captivity until she was implicated in the Babington plot against Elizabeth, after which she was convicted of treason and executed. After examination of the transcripts and translations, Guy concludes that, "in the absence of the original handwritten pages" of Letter 2, "around 1500-1800 words are likely to be genuine" and that 1000-1200 words are "likely to interpolations"12 from later letters or forgeries. [3] Mary's marriages - The reign of Mary - Higher History Revision - BBC [13] Aubigny was also later accused of supporting Mary's title to the throne of England and hinting that even his nephew had a stronger claim than Elizabeth. However, on 20 March, Darnley posted a declaration denying all knowledge of or complicity in the Rizzio murder. Who killed Lord Darnley? - Britain Magazine Four of his men who were already in prison were tortured on 26 June 1567, being "put in the irnis [irons] and turmentis, for furthering the tryall of the veritie." 1587 When and what was the Revolt of the Northern Earls/Northern rebellion? [11] As Roman Catholics, they posed a threat to English Protestants. [6]:503511, One longstanding theory is the suggestion that the Earls of Morton and Moray were behind the murder, directing Bothwell's actions, to forward Moray's ambitions. Its certainly possible that Mary, Queen of Scots knew about the explosion and didnt warn her husband. it is known that the gunpowder was stored in the cellar underneath lord darnleys sleeping keyboards. [25] From then on, he was constantly in Mary's company.[3]. (At the time, Mary was six months pregnant with Darnley's child.) Guy explains that this extract was meant to prove that Mary wanted Darnley to be poisoned while he was at Craigmillar but it is not evidence of the plot which actually killed Darnley at Kirk o'Field. Mary, Queen of Scots Flashcards | Quizlet Then she heard the explosion, the "craik", and 11 more men went by. At first Darnley's household thought he would be accommodated in the Hamilton Lodging. Mary no longer trusted her husband, and he was disgraced by the kingdom. Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, Stewart also spelled Stuart, also called (156567) Earl of Ross, Duke of Albany, (born Dec. 7, 1545, Temple Newsom, Yorkshire, Eng.died Feb. 9/10, 1567, Edinburgh), cousin and second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, father of King James I of Great Britain and Ireland (James VI of Scotland), and direct ancestor of all subsequent British sovereigns. Darnley's maternal grandparents were Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and Queen Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England and widow of King James IV of Scotland. Darnley, indeed, was close in line to the thrones of both England and Scotland. Lord Darnley was a terrible man who died in a very suspicious way which ultimately clouded a lot of people's opinions about Mary and whether or not she was responsible. John Petcarne, a surgeon who lived in the same street heard nothing, but was summoned to attend Francisco de Busso, an Italian servant of Queen Mary. This was viewed as a motive for Bothwell to have Darnley murdered, with help from some of the nobility and seemingly with royal approval. Yet, as Linda Porter reveals, there was little romance in her sordid, bloody fall from grace Published: February 8, 2019 at 9:51 am ProQuest Research Library. The problem was the risk of making her son illegitimate. Henry, Lord Darnley, had been lodging at Kirk o' Field while convalescing after contracting either syphilis or smallpox. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (1546 - 10 February 1567), was an English nobleman who was the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the father of James VI of Scotland and I of England. There was evidence that Mary had shown an interest in Bothwell in October 1566 when she travelled four hours by horseback to visit him at Hermitage Castle when he was ill. 1568 When was Mary Queen of Scots executed? 'The Lennox Crisis, 15581563. The only proof of Marys part in Darnleys murder are the Casket Letters, though her actions after his death were suspicious, as she was hesitant to investigate his murder, and married Bothwell after observing only 40 days of mourning. 1 Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, lay murdered in the orchard at Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh, wearing only his nightclothes. During the weeks leading up to his death, Darnley was recovering from a bout of smallpox (or, it has been speculated, syphilis). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Other than missing the crown, posh accent, etc, seems ratchet is something that exists everywhere. Such speculation would also distract them from favouring the more alarming claim of the Queen of Scots Thirdly, and most significantly, the elevation of the Lennoxes presented an obstacle between the Queen of Scots and the English throne. Cause of Death Asphyxiation Killed By Lord Bothwell Mary Stuart (indirectly) Relationship Information Relatives Mary Stuart (wife) James VI and I (son) Lady Lennox (mother) Lady Keira (ex-lover) Series Information Season (s) How did Lord Darnley die? Who were the husbands of Mary Queen of Scots? - History Scotland [50], A soldier under the pay of Bothwell, Captain William Blackadder of the Clan Blackadder, was one of the first non-participants to happen upon the scene, and for that reason was treated as a suspect. Most were published in Pitcairn's Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland and Malcolm Laing's History of Scotland. [18][12]:293, A placard was created and distributed throughout Edinburgh which portrayed Mary as a seductive mermaid. (Drying out the cellar wouldnt be an option: the only way to dry out a room in Scotland in wintertime in that era was to keep a roaring fire burning in the fireplace for two or three days, and cellars didnt have fireplaces). If the casket letters are forgeries, who wrote them and why? Omissions? Magnusson speculates that Darnley had tried to escape just before the blast but had been intercepted by his murderer before he could flee. [41] Mary refused to let the Archbishop of St Andrews, whom she referred to as "a pocky priest", spit in the child's mouth, as was then the custom. It doesnt necessarily let her off the hook, but it certainly casts some doubt if that were the right and logical place for an explosion to be put.. The artist was employed by Sir William Drury, Marshall of Berwick, who sent the sketch to England. Third, Mary could have played the victim better by appealing to the Lords and council for help, putting her case as a wronged woman to them and demanding that they rescue her from Bothwell and arrest him as her abuser and a murderer. The murder of Darnley 1567 - The reign of Mary - Higher History - BBC The famous Casket Letters, which were produced at the York Conference in 1568, were said to implicate Mary in Darnley's murder, but many historians now believe that these letters were forgeries. [16], According to his statement, the next morning the queen's servant Nicolas Hubert, known as French Paris, came to the queen's bedchamber at Holyrood Palace to hang her bed with black curtains for mourning and light candles in the "ruelle", a space between the bed and the wall.
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