Chile has almost 7,000km of railways, with connections to Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. Argentine cinema has also been prominent since the first half of the 20th century and today averages over 60 full-length titles yearly. Painter Frida Kahlo, one of the most famous Mexican artists, painted about her own life and the Mexican culture in a style combining Realism, Symbolism and Surrealism. [132] In 2019, center-right Luis Lacalle Pou ended a 15-year leftist rule in Uruguay, after defeating the Broad Front candidate. Hispanic and Latino Americans - Wikipedia Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831 due to conflicts similar to those elsewhere in Spanish America between centralist conservatives and pro-federalist liberals. Globalization and Land-Use Transitions in Latin America - JSTOR Green Left Weekly 1011 (2014): 18. The 1854 leak of the Ostend Manifesto, offering $130 million to Spain, caused a scandal among abolitionists in the U.S., who sought to end the expansion of slavery. In the new nation-states, conservatives favored the old order of a powerful, centralized state and continuation of the Catholic Church as a key institution. [17] The idea of a "Latin race" was then taken up by Latin American intellectuals and political leaders of the mid- and late-nineteenth century, who no longer looked to Spain or Portugal as cultural models, but rather to France. [54], In Spanish America, manufactured and luxury goods were sent from Spain and entered Spanish America legally only through the Caribbean ports of Veracruz, Havana, and Cartagena, as well as the Pacific port of Callao, in Peru. Evangelical churches often grew quickly in poor communities where small churches and members could participate in ecstatic worship, often many times a week. [112] In 1954 the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency aided successful military coup against Arbenz. PDF The History of Latin America, 1500 to the present day Despite Spain and Britain's satisfaction with France's defeat, they "were obsessed by the possible impact of the slave uprising on Cuba, Santo Domingo, and Jamaica", by then a British sugar colony. "The demographic impact of the Mexican Revolution in the United States." His argument is that French imperialists used the concept of "Latin" America as a way to counter British imperialism, as well as to challenge the German threat to France. The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were: So Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogot (Colombia), So Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Braslia (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina), and Minas Gerais (Brazil). In the fifteenth century, both Portugal and Spain embarked on voyages of overseas exploration, following the Christian Reconquista of Iberia from Muslims. European whites in both Spanish America and Brazil were a small percentage of the population, but they were also the wealthiest and most socially elite; and the racial hierarchies they established in the colonial era have persisted. On a papal visit to Nicaragua in 1983, he reprimanded Father Ernesto Cardenal, who was Minister of Culture, and called on priests to leave politics. In Bolivia, Aymara, Quechua and Guaran hold official status alongside Spanish. [302] The Argentine rail network, with 47,000km of tracks, was one of the largest in the world and continues to be the most extensive in Latin America. An aspect of this has been the creation of the eight-member ALBA alliance, or "The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America" (Spanish: Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra Amrica) by some of these countries. Its main representatives are Jess Soto, Carlos Cruz-Diez, Alejandro Otero and Gego. [206], Some demographic groups in Latin America have higher prevalence rates for HIV/ AIDS including men who have sex with men having a prevalence rate of 10.6%, and transgender women having one of the highest rates within the population with a prevalence rate of 17.7%. The forced transportation of African slaves transformed major regions where they labored to produce the export products, especially sugar. While Latin America did join the allies, it was not without cost. [217] It was also the third largest world producer of milk in 2018. "The "diaspora politics" of Colombian migrants in the UK and Spain." Jos Mart, for instance, though a Cuban patriot, also lived in Mexico and the United States and wrote for journals in Argentina and elsewhere. Such countries came to be called banana republics. Creole languages of mainland Latin America, similarly, are derived from European languages and various African tongues. ", "Brazilian onshore wind potential could be 880 GW, study indicates", "Nuclear Power in Brazil. In Chile, the conservative Sebastin Piera succeeded the socialist Michelle Bachelet in 2017. [21] Edward Shawcross summarizes Ardao's and Rojas Mix's findings in the following way: "Ardao identified the term in a poem by a Colombian diplomat and intellectual resident in France, Jos Mara Torres Caicedo, published on 15 February 1857 in a French based Spanish-language newspaper, while Rojas Mix located it in a speech delivered in France by the radical liberal Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao in June 1856". India. The Spanish Empire established institutions to secure wealth for itself and protect its empire in the Americas from rivals. It is also known as Latin America's Integration. Primarily an Arawakan language, it has influences from Caribbean and European languages. In Brazil, this transport is still underutilized: the most important waterway stretches, from an economic point of view, are found in the Southeast and South of the country. They were not quick to join, as Germany was now a major financial lender to Latin America, and a number of nations were antipathetic to the traditional lenders in Britain and France. Costa Rica is the world's largest producer of pineapples; Dominican Republic is one of the world's top five producers of, Mexico is the world's largest producer of avocados, one of the world's top five producers of, iron ore (where it is the 2nd largest producer and exporter in the worldiron ore is usually one of the three export products that generate the greatest value in the country's, Mexico had the twelfth most valuable industry in the world (US$217.8billion), Brazil the thirteenth largest (US$173.6billion), Venezuela the thirtieth largest (US$58.2billion, however, it depends on oil to reach this value), Argentina the 31st largest (US$57.7billion), Colombia the 46th largest (US$35.4billion). Water supply and sanitation in Latin America is characterized by insufficient access and in many cases by poor service quality, with detrimental impacts on public health. At the end of his term, his hand-picked successor, the populist and nationalist Jacobo Arbenz, was elected. The Department of History at the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, invites applications for an open rank, tenure-line faculty position in the History of Science, Health, or Disability, broadly conceived, in South/Southeast Asia or Latin America. Thus, it traverses two continents and includes hundreds of millions of people, about 659 million in total. [This paragraph needs citation(s)], The industrial parks of Brazil, Mexico, Argentina and Chile, however, present much greater diversity and sophistication, producing advanced technology items. Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Brazil have dominate Mulatto/Triracial populations ("Pardo" in Brazil), in Brazil and Cuba, there is equally large white populations and smaller black populations, while Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico are more Mulatto/Triracial dominated, with significant black and white minorities. The classical composer Heitor Villa-Lobos (18871959) worked on the recording of Native musical traditions within his homeland of Brazil. In 1981 FONCINE (the Venezuelan Film Fund) was founded, and this year it provided even more funding to produce seventeen feature films. Indigenous languages affected Spanish and Portuguese, giving rise to, Ayala Mora, Enrique. Colombian sculptor and painter Fernando Botero is also widely known[350][351][352][by whom?] Significantly, democratic governments began replacing military regimes across much of Latin America and the realm of the state became more inclusive (a trend that proved conducive to social movements), but economic ventures remained exclusive to a few elite groups within society. Introduction: Jewish Refugees' Lives in Latin America after Persecution and Impoverishment in Europe. The population increase exponentially, with the majority being enslaved Africans. Latin America - NRDC The U.S. in particular imported bananas from Central and South America. They became the opposition party, following a peaceful transfer of power. [86] The actions that the U.S. took against potential reclamation of foreign powers of their former colonies often included its own direct interventions in the region, justified by President Theodore Roosevelt in his 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Musicians such as Yma Smac, Chabuca Granda, Atahualpa Yupanqui, Violeta Parra, Vctor Jara, Jorge Cafrune, Facundo Cabral, Mercedes Sosa, Jorge Negrete, Luiz Gonzaga, Caetano Veloso, Susana Baca, Chavela Vargas, Simon Diaz, Julio Jaramillo, Toto la Momposina, Gilberto Gil, Maria Bethnia, Nana Caymmi, Nara Leo, Gal Costa, Ney Matogrosso as well as musical ensembles such as Inti Illimani and Los Kjarkas are magnificent examples of the heights that this soul can reach. The English, Dutch, and French permanently seized islands in the Caribbean and created sugar plantations on the model developed in Brazil. In Mexico, the rightwing National Action Party (PAN) won the presidential election of 2000 with its candidate Vicente Fox, ending the 71-year rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. The Central American wars ended, with a free and fair election in Nicaragua that voted out the leftist Sandinistas, a peace treaty was concluded between factions in El Salvador, and the Guatemalan civil war ended. [135] As of July 2017, the highest ranking politicians charged were former Brazilian President Luiz Incio Lula da Silva, who was arrested,[136] and former Peruvian presidents Ollanta Humala, also arrested, and Alejandro Toledo, who fled to the United States and is now a fugitive. [64] These empire-wide representatives drafted and ratified the Spanish Constitution of 1812, establishing a constitutional monarchy and set down other rules of governance, including citizenship and limitations on the Catholic Church. [citation needed]. The entire hemisphere was settled by migrants from Asia, Europe, and Africa. History of Latin America - Wikipedia Pedro declared Brazil's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822 and became emperor. In the religious sphere, the Roman Catholic Church continued to be a major institution in nineteenth-century Latin America. A better world for the migrant population in Latin America However, in recent years, with the combined effort of countries, new routes have started to emerge, such as Brazil-Peru (Interoceanic Highway), and a new highway between Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina and northern Chile (Bioceanic Corridor). He was succeed six-years later by another conservative, Felipe Caldern (2006-2012), who attempted to crack down on the Mexican drug cartels and instigated the Mexican drug war . Other important airports are those in the capitals of Uruguay (Montevideo), Paraguay (Asuncin), Bolivia (La Paz) and Ecuador (Quito). In 2019, Peru was the second largest world producer of copper[253] and silver,[248] 8th largest world producer of gold,[254] third largest world producer of lead,[229] second largest world producer of zinc,[255] fourth largest world producer of tin,[256] fifth largest world producer of boron,[257] and fourth largest world producer of molybdenum. [227], In 2019, Bolivia was the eighth largest world producer of silver;[248] fourth largest world producer of boron;[257] fifth largest world producer of antimony;[258] fifth largest world producer of tin;[256] sixth largest world producer of tungsten;[259] seventh largest producer of zinc,[260] and the eighth largest producer of lead. Imports from China valued $8.3 billion in 2000, but by 2022 its value was $450 billion and had grown to be the largest trading partner of South America, as well as the second-largest for the broader Latin America. This official had jurisdiction over not just Brazil, but also the new states in Spanish America. Haiti's compas is a genre of music that is influenced by its Latin Caribbean counterparts, along with elements of jazz and modern sounds. "This England and This Now: British Cultural and Intellectual Influence in the Spanish American Independence Era.". Labor was attracted from elsewhere[clarification needed] for mining and landed estates were established to raise wheat, range cattle and sheep. In. Luster, Lesley R. "Rio Conference (1942)". After independence Spanish America and Brazil differed in their forms of state rule, with most of Spanish America becoming federated republics (with the exceptions of Cuba and Puerto Rico, which remained Spanish colonies), and Brazil becoming a monarchy ruled by the Brazilian branch of the Portuguese royal family. Its recognition of Ecuador's independence came in 1840 and Paraguay's as late as 1880. He was assassinated on 24 March 1980 while saying mass. It is also spoken by some Panamanians of Afro-Antillean descent. [46], Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the Western Hemisphere laid the basis for societies now seen as characteristic of Latin America. "Camilo Torres Restrepo". From the early 1980s through the mid-1990s, homicide rates increased by 50 percent. On 1 May 1857, Walker was forced by a coalition of Central American armies to surrender himself to a United States Navy officer who repatriated him and his followers. Several years later, during the French invasion of Mexico, Bilbao wrote another work, "Emancipation of the Spirit in America," where he asked all Latin American countries to support the Mexican cause against France, and rejected French imperialism in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. When the U.S. acquired its southwest by conquest in the Mexican American War, Latin American populations did not cross the border to the U.S., the border crossed them. HIV/AIDS has been a public health concern for Latin America due to a remaining prevalence of the disease. "The Haitian Revolution" in, Ibidem Fausto 1999, Chapter 2, 2.1 to 2.3. In Chile, the postwar period saw uneven economic development. Latin America and Caribbean Overview COVID-19 Featured Blog Countries like Venezuela, Argentina and Brazil have their own dialects or variations of German and Italian. 1980. [BID/EDU Stakeholder Survey 1993/2003, February 8, 2011], failed attempt to take military control of Mexico, United Nations geoscheme for the Americas, Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, University of Michigan, Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies (CLACS), Latin American and Caribbean Studies, The Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Monument to Christopher Columbus, Buenos Aires, Latin American economy Export booms (1870-1914), United States declaration of war on Germany, First International Conference of American States, Committees for the Defense of the Revolution, Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador, The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Latin European racially based Casta system, Water supply and sanitation in Latin America, Eletronuclear (Eletrobrs Eletronuclear S/A), Dominican Republic Central America Free Trade Agreement, Guarani Jesuit Missions in the cities of Misiones and Corrientes, Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly, Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, "World Development Indicators: Rural environment and land use", United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100", "Religion affiliation in Latin America as of 2020, by type", Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, "Iniciativa de la Amrica.