Pharmacognostical Exploration of Saccharum officinarum Seek out a sunny spot with plenty of room to maneuver around the plants. Keep sharing your knowledge..I soak it up. [21][22][23][24] Around the eighth century, Muslim and Arab traders introduced sugar from medieval India to the other parts of the Abbasid Caliphate in the Mediterranean, Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, and Andalusia. Furthermore, if biofuels are used for crop production and transport, the fossil energy input needed for each ethanol energy unit can be very low. Its like reading a good book and then meeting the characters as you walk around doing the daily grind I am interested in growing sugar cane in a oblong pot outside a window which onlooks the pool area and is in full sun. [16][17][15][18][19], From Island Southeast Asia, S. officinarum was spread eastward into Polynesia and Micronesia by Austronesian voyagers as a canoe plant by around 3,500 BP. The sugar is extracted from the stems. Sugarcane is an important sugar and energy crop in the world. Pigs fed on sugarcane juice and a soy-based protein supplement produced stronger piglets that grew faster than those on a more conventional diet. Saccharum officinarum - Plant Finder - Missouri Botanical Garden To attain good yields, sugarcane requires 2,000 to 2,300 mm (80 to 90 inches) of water during the growing period. Beginning at around 6,000BP it was selectively bred from the native S. robustum. Sugarcane is harvested by hand and mechanically. Bagasse can also be used as an alternative source of pulp for paper production. is an economically important crop species and is a major source of sugar used in food, with additional uses in ethanol production (Patrick et al. Or, they can be peeled, crushed and boiled for the syrup. A mosaic monoploid reference sequence for the highly complex genome of Extraction of the juice and boiling to concentrate it was probably first done in India more than 2,000 years ago. Sugar cane is prone to typical pests such as mealybugs, but you should be on the lookout for moth caterpillars, sugarcane borers (Diatraea saccharalis kills the stalks), termites, spittlebugs, and sugarcane beetles (Euetheola humilis). [failed verification][41]. I live in Homosassa a mile from 19 call me 512-800-5587. [66][68] This has altered the amount of water reaching aquatic habitats, and has contributed to the degradation of ecosystems such as the Great Barrier Reef and Indus Delta. If you think its tough identifying mushrooms, try grasses for a real challenge. Plants rarely flower when grown as annuals. The harvester then blows the trash back onto the field. [48], Some sugarcane varieties are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in association with the bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. Author of. [76] Electrical generation from bagasse could become quite important, particularly to the rural populations of sugarcane producing nations. [3], Saccharum officinarum, a perennial plant, grows in clumps consisting of a number of strong unbranched stems. Species plants have little ornamental value. - Wikipedia A greener alternative to burning bagasse for the production of electricity is to convert bagasse into biogas. The primary use of bagasse and bagasse residue is as a fuel source for the boilers in the generation of process steam in sugar plants. [60] It is not currently a commercial crop, but a few growers find ready sales for their product. [47], Yang et al., 2017 provides a genetic map developed for USDA ARS-run breeding programs for brown rust of sugarcane. Modern sugarcane varieties all contain the blood relationship of Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum. Apart from the genus Saccharum, the Saccharum complex has included Narenga, Sclerostachya, Erianthus, and Miscanthus. Purer molasses syrups are sold as molasses, and may also be blended with maple syrup, invert sugars, or corn syrup. Most of the worlds sugarcane is grown in subtropical and tropical areas. This term is ultimately of Hebrew origin from (KaNeH) meaning "reed" or "stalk". Large stems (to 2" diameter) are jointed like bamboo. Other sugarcane products include molasses, rum, and cachaa (a Brazilian alcohol), and the plant itself can be used as thatch and as livestock fodder. 1. The young, unexpanded flower head of Saccharum edule (duruka) is eaten raw, steamed, or toasted, and prepared in various ways in Southeast Asia, such as certain island communities of Indonesia as well as in Oceanic countries like Fiji. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) Since the leaves can be very sharp, it's advised to avoid planting sugar cane in high-traffic areas or in gardens with little elbow room. In most countries where sugarcane is cultivated, several foods and popular dishes are derived directly from it, such as: Many parts of the sugarcane are commonly used as animal feeds where the plants are cultivated. The crop demands a well-drained soil, and drainson the surface, underground, or bothare provided according to the topographic conditions of the fields. When no more sugar can be economically recovered, the final molasses still contains 2030% sucrose and 1525% glucose and fructose. Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia, "Analysis of Three Sugarcane Homo/Homeologous Regions Suggests Independent Polyploidization Events of, Society for Molecular Biology & Evolution, "Plants & Fungi: Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saccharum_officinarum&oldid=1158888170, Flora without expected TNC conservation status, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 6 June 2023, at 21:34. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The passage of the 1833 Slavery Abolition Act led to the abolition of slavery through most of the British Empire, and many of the emancipated slaves no longer worked on sugarcane plantations when they had a choice. Sugar cane is typically planted using "seed canes," but you can also propagate the plant through stem cuttings to make your own seed canes. Optimum amounts of fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) vary greatly with soil types, climatic conditions, and the kind and length of the growing cycle. Seed cane is planted in well-worked fields. The profits from the sale of the slaves were then used to buy more sugar, which was shipped to Europe. Sugarcanes belong to the grass family, Poaceae, an economically important flowering plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum, and many forage crops. Follow the directions on the seed packet and you should see germination in two weeks. Not only are they dying because of exhaustion but some of the workers are being exposed to several hazards such as, high temperatures, harmful pesticides, and poisonous or venomous animals. Its purpose is to wash away the sugar crystals' outer coating, which is less pure than the crystal interior. It is first mixed with heavy syrup and then centrifuged in a process called "affination". [36] When sugarcane crops are found outside this range, such as the Natal region of South Africa, it is normally due to anomalous climatic conditions in the region, such as warm ocean currents that sweep down the coast. According to one report, with use of latest technologies, bagasse produced annually in Brazil has the potential of meeting 20% of Brazil's energy consumption by 2020.[74]. Saccharum officinarum L. Winter hardy to USDA Zones 9-10 where it is grown in consistently moist but well-drained soils in full sun. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. White to gray flower spikes bloom in later summer to early fall. The stems vary in colour, being green, pinkish, or purple and can reach 5 metres (16 feet) in height. Any ideas on that, Deane? As for shade, sugar can is not a good plant to produce shade. [73], Sugarcane bagasse is a potentially abundant source of energy for large producers of sugarcane, such as Brazil, India, and China. Peles Smoke features smoky purple foliage and stems. Sugar cane does best in a full sun position. Kitty, Boca Raton, FL. Additional sugar is recovered by blending the remaining syrup with the washings from affination and again crystallizing to produce brown sugar. Molasses is produced in two forms: blackstrap, which has a characteristic strong flavor, and a purer molasses syrup. [5] Merchants began to trade in sugar, which was considered a luxurious and expensive spice, from India. As sugar was traded and spread West, this became (sukkar) in Arabic, zcchero in Italian, zuccarum in Latin, and eventually sucre in both Middle French and Middle English. [13][14], S. officinarum was first domesticated in New Guinea and the islands east of the Wallace Line by Papuans, where it is the modern center of diversity. The conditions where the indentured servants worked were frequently abysmal, owing to a lack of care among the planters. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, sex (including pregnancy), disability, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, and veteran status. This plant will provide nectar and pollen for bees and the many other types of pollinating insects. N.C. [54], Traditionally, sugarcane processing requires two stages. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) [20] It was among the early crops brought to the Americas by the Spanish, mainly Andalusians, from their fields in the Canary Islands, and the Portuguese from their fields in the Madeira Islands. Blackstrap molasses is sold as a food and dietary supplement. Saccharum officinarum appears to have derived from selection and domestication of S. robustum. The growth period for cane crops varies considerably according to the region: 89 months in Louisiana, U.S.; 15 months in Australia and Taiwan; 1822 months in Hawaii, South Africa, and Peru. The juice is recommended to cure Jaundice. The average yield of cane stalk is 6070 tonnes per hectare (2428long ton/acre; 2731short ton/acre) per year, but this figure can vary between 30 and 180 tonnes per hectare depending on knowledge and crop management approach used in sugarcane cultivation. Saccharum Officinarum - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics An article on sugarcane cultivation in Spain is included in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century Book on Agriculture.[25]. The particular variety might make a difference as well. [63][64], From 2008 to 2016, production of standards-compliant sugarcane experienced a compound annual growth rate of about 52%, while conventional sugarcane increased at less than 1%. Its stout stalks are rich in sucrose, a simple sugar which accumulates in the stalk internodes. Also one can never get all of the sugar out of the sap and that becomes molasses, one of my grandmothers preferred sweetener. [citation needed]. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) The calcium phosphate particles entrap some impurities and absorb others, and then float to the top of the tank, where they can be skimmed off. So two different measuring standards come up with the same answer 195 but their list of countries would be slightly different. Sugarcane is a major crop in many countries. Sugar cane reportedly produces about twice as much ethanol per acre as corn. With a sterilized gardening cutting tool, take a 4- to 6-inch piece of a healthy stem that has at least two internodes in the upper part of the stem. [27][28] The people were subject to indenture, a long-established form of contract, which bound them to unfree labour for a fixed term. Comments or questions about this site, or for permission to use photos and information. I was raised just south of Gainesville, Florida and we always raised sugar cane (Daddy got it from Cuba. Variety development form crossing to commercial planting required from 10-13 years for . [45], Numerous pathogens infect sugarcane, such as sugarcane grassy shoot disease caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma sacchari,[46] whiptail disease or sugarcane smut, pokkah boeng caused by Fusarium moniliforme, Xanthomonas axonopodis bacteria causes Gumming Disease, and red rot disease caused by Colletotrichum falcatum. Sugar refining further purifies the raw sugar. 2016).Many modern sugarcane hybrid cultivars are derived from crossing S. officinarum and S. spontaneum (Souza et al. [30] The migrations to serve sugarcane plantations led to a significant number of ethnic Indians, Southeast Asians, and Chinese people settling in various parts of the world. It can also result in sediments and other pollutants being washed into aquatic habitats, which can result in a wide range of environmental issues, including eutrophication and acidification. [66] While the majority of this clearance occurred in the past, expansions have occurred within the past couple decades, further contributing to habitat destruction. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum Linn.) Seker kamis in Turkish Sugarcane in English Zukerrohr in German cana in language. She's traveled all over Europe, living now in Italy. Very useful cane. Brandes, E. Origin, dispersal and use in breeding of the Melanesian garden sugarcane and their derivatives, Saccharum officinarum L. Proc. It got to the Mediterranean Basin around 800 AD. Regards Sulfur dioxide is added to inhibit the formation of color-inducing molecules and to stabilize the sugar juices during evaporation. [66], Due to the large quantity of water required, sugarcane cultivation heavily relies on irrigation. There is a two part explanation. On the morning of the first freeze before the sun hit the cane we topped the tops off and took the rest of the day banking it and the next week grinding and cooking the syrup. It was introduced to Polynesia, Island Melanesia, and Madagascar in prehistoric times via Austronesian sailors. Foraging should never begin without the guidance and approval of a local plant specialist. This all occurs during the process of cutting the sugarcane manually, also causing physical ailments by doing the same movements for hours every work day. The sections of the stalk of immature cane used for planting are known as seed cane, or cane sets, and have two or more buds (eyes), usually three. You chew the end but spit out the fiber called bagasse (bah-GAS.) Learn tips for creating your most beautiful home and garden ever. Once a sweet syrup is obtained, or sugar, it can be used for many things, from making wine to fuel. It is a C4 plant, able to convert up to 1% of incident solar energy into biomass. This term was adopted by many sugarcane breeders. Sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) Top Extract Ameliorates Cognitive When the cane becomes mature, a growing point at the upper end of the stalk develops into a slender arrow bearing a tassel of tiny flowers. A mature stalk is typically composed of 1116% fiber, 1216% soluble sugars, 23% nonsugar carbohydrates, and 6373% water. The stalk or culm consists of alternating nodes and internodes. An alternative to this "phosphatation" technique is "carbonatation", which is similar, but uses carbon dioxide and calcium hydroxide to produce a calcium carbonate precipitate. Let me give you two estimates which as first would seem wrong. They are jointed, nodes being present at the bases of the alternate leaves. The grass can potentially contract root rot, whip smut, red stripe (top rot), and viral problems such as ratoon stunting and grassy shoot disease, which both stunt the growth of the sugar cane plant. atrorubens Cuzent & Pancher Homonyms Saccharum officinarum L. Common names Cavameneu in language. The yield of ratoon crops decreases after each cycle, and at the end of the last economical cycle all stumps are plowed out and the field is replanted. Production of biodiesel from sugar cane is expected in the near future.Genus name comes from the Greek word sakcharon meaning the sweet juice of sugarcane which came from an Asiatic word, seemingly the Malay singkara.Specific epithet means of shops, generally apothecaries. Learn how your comment data is processed. The reason for this reduction is that the stalks are separated from the leaves (which are burned and whose ashes are left in the field as fertilizer), and from the roots that remain in the ground to sprout for the next crop. Sugarcane remains an important part of the economy of Cuba, Guyana, Belize, Barbados, and Haiti, along with the Saccharum Officinarum - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Saccharum officinarum is a large, strong-growing species of grass in the genus Saccharum. It was one of the original major crops of the Austronesian peoples from at least 5,500 BP. [quote]As for the Arundinaria gigantea young shoots are edible raw.[/quote]. It originated in New Guinea,[1] and is now cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide for the production of sugar, ethanol and other products. Sugarcane consumes 9% of the world's potash fertilizer production.[38]. Sugarcane ( Saccharum spp.) [53] Corrections? Potential insect problems include moth caterpillars, borers, termites, spittlebugs, mealybugs and beetles. Fertile progeny have been obtained from intergeneric crosses but no germplasm other than Saccharum has entered commercial hybrids. The stems grow into cane stalk, which when mature, constitutes around 75% of the entire plant. Its a tropical and subtropical plant, found from Florida to Texas as well as Puerto Rico and Hawaii. Modern cultivars (2n = 100-120) are highly polyploids and aneuploids derived from interspecific hybridization between Saccharum officinarum (2n = 80) and Saccharum spontaneum (2n = 40-128). We planted in the bottom land about 10 acres each year. Allele-defined genome of the autopolyploid sugarcane Saccharum Sugarcane is propagated primarily by the planting of cuttings. The second term "cane" began to be used alongside it as the crop was grown on plantations in the Caribbean; gana is the Hindi word for sugarcane (gana = cane). Taxonomy browser (Saccharum officinarum) The cane beetle (also known as cane grub) can substantially reduce crop yield by eating roots; it can be controlled with imidacloprid (Confidor) or chlorpyrifos (Lorsban). Not sure if its edible or not. Chemical herbicides are widely used. Saccharum officinarum | sugar cane /RHS Gardening Spikelet are white, hairy, plume like, two to three feet long. The juice was extracted with horse- or mule-powered crushers; the juice was boiled, like maple syrup, in a flat pan, and then used in the syrup form as a food sweetener. It is native to the warm temperate and tropical regions of India, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea. Sugarcane - Wikipedia Ribbon cane is a subtropical type that was once widely grown in the Southern United States, as far north as coastal North Carolina. Historical fact: Sugar was one of the first pharmaceutical ingredients, a sweetener to mask bitter medicine, hence the lyric a little bit of sugar helps the medicine go down. There are generally three kinds of sugar cane grown, chewing cane crystal cane and syrup cane., Saccharum officinarum (SAK-har-um of-fee-shee-NAR-um) means sugar of the shops. Officinarum comes from Latin and the Romans. Potential virus problems include ratoon stunting and grassy shoot. [66] Along with impacting invertebrate and fauna within the upper layers of the soil, compaction can also lead to decreased porosity. Worldwide, 26 million hectares were devoted to sugarcane cultivation in 2020. Once planted, a stand can be harvested several times; after each harvest, the cane sends up new stalks, called ratoons. A skilled harvester can cut 500kg (1,100lb) of sugarcane per hour. Interesting annual accent.