(2007). Biotype 2 strains are primarily eel pathogens, found in saltwater in Eastern and Western Europe. If treatment with tetracycline or other cephalosporin antibiotics is initiated at . Vibrio vulnificus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Vibrio ocular infections on the U. S. Gulf Coast. V. vulnificus is an important opportunistic pathogen that can induce primary septicemia through the consumption of contaminated raw or undercooked seafood or wound infection through the exposure of a wound to warm seawater inhabited by the organism.2,3,4 V. vulnificus are also able to utilize Neu5Ac as a nutrient during infection in humans and survive in highly acidic environments by breaking down amino acids to amines and CO2 (Jeong et al., 2009; Jones and Oliver, 2009). Effect of seawater temperature increase on the occurrence of coastal, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Dechet AM, Yu PA, Koram N, Painter J. Nonfoodborne, Shapiro RL, Altekruse S, Hutwagner L, Bishop R, Hammond R, Wilson S, et al. V. vulnificus resistance toward common antibiotics has reached alarming levels in many countries (Table (Table2)2) which has serious implications on the treatment methods for bacterial infections (WHO, 2014). The average crude incidence rate during this period was 0.12 0.03 per 100,000 population, with the highest rate reported in 2006 (0.18), followed by 2003 (0.17), 2010 (0.15), and 2012 (0.13), with the lowest in 2009 (0.05). Mouzopoulos G., Stamatakos M., Tzurbakis M., Batanis G., Michou E., Mouzopoulos D., et al.. (2008). Therefore, based on the current evidence, a more appropriate choice would be cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. In a study that investigated 37 cases in the Ariake Sea region in Japan between 1984 and 2008, 91.6% of the patients had liver disease.19 In a Taiwanese study that investigated 84 patients between 1995 and 2000, over 80% of the patients had liver disease, mainly caused by hepatitis B or C infection, followed by diabetes and steroid use.17 The most common comorbidities among patients with V. vulnificus infection in the United States were heart disease (34%), diabetes mellitus (23%), alcohol consumption (22%), and liver disease (20%).23, In Korea, seafood consumption is the most common (90.1%) route of V. vulnificus infection, resulting in primary sepsis. In a separate report, 34 cases were reported in Chosun University Hospital from January 2000 to December 2011, with 16 fatalities (Yun et al., 2015). Epidemiological investigations were followed up and analyzed for 761 patients from 2003 to 2016. Regardless of the route of infection, V. vulnificus infection responds positively to antibiotics and it has been clearly demonstrated that the greater the delay in the initiation of treatment, the higher the fatality rate (Rodrigues et al., 1992; Amaro et al., 1994; Krovacek et al., 1994; Moreno and Landgraf, 1998). A000001-50001) awarded to KGC. The most common occupational category was unemployed (housewives: 47.6%). Necrotizing soft-tissue infections and primary sepsis caused by. Baker-Austin C., McArthur J. V., Lindell A. H., Wright M. S., Tuckfield R. C., Gooch J., et al.. (2009). Your risk of getting sick from germy food has gone up again, CDC says Marine bacteria as a leading cause of necrotizing fasciitis in coastal areas of South Korea. Tendencia E. A., de la Pea D. L. (2001). In the U.S., V. vulnificus is a leading cause of seafood-associated fatalities; there are ~50 cases of V. vulnificus infection with 45 hospitalizations and 16 deaths every year ().Primary septicaemia, which is the main characteristic of V. vulnificus infection in humans is associated with a high mortality rate (Feldhusen, 2000).A study in South Carolina and Georgia involving clinical and . Critical shortage of new antibiotics in development against multidrug-resistant bacteria time to react is now. Vibrio vulnificus induces the death of a major bacterial species in the PVC-ECR-2016), MOSTI ScienceFund Grant (Project No. Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium that causes food-related illness and wound infections. (2015) studied the antibiotic resistance profile of V. vulnificus and V. cholerae that were recovered along the Baltic Sea and North Sea coastline as well as the estuaries of the rivers Ems and Weser. IR= incidence rate per 100,000 *Incidence rates (IR) are calculated per 100,000 population. Hsueh P. R., Lin C. Y., Tang H. J., Lee H. C., Liu J. W., Liu Y. C., et al.. (2004). In a Taiwanese study of 84 patients with V. vulnificus infection between 1995 and 2000, 25 patients died (29.8%), 57 patients survived (67.9%), and two patients had an unknown status (2.3%).17 In a study in Japan, 24 of 37 patients died (64.9%).19 Yun et al.12 reviewed the clinical data of 34 patients in a Korean hospital between 2000 and 2011, among whom 16 patients (47.1%) died. Analysis of the number of V. vulnificus infection patients claimed to the NHIS. Vibrio Vulnificus: Infection, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention Vibrio vulnificus can make its way into the body through eating raw or . In the United States, V. vulnificus is a leading cause of seafood-associated fatality. New drug target identification in Vibrio vulnificus by subtractive As a control, mice were treated with V. vulnificus-free PBS (two mice per set of the infection experiment). Microbiology and surgical indicators of necrotizing fasciitis in a tertiary hospital of southwest Taiwan. Given that the increased use of antibiotics in aquaculture resulted in the emergence of antibiotic resistance, considerable effort has been made in seeking alternative ways to control infections. When the number of V. vulnificus infection cases began to increase in earnest in July, the seawater temperature gradually increased, and the average seawater temperature in August was the highest at 24.1C. Multi-site analysis reveals wide-spread antibiotic resistance in the marine pathogen. Vibrio spp. The number of V. vulnificus-infected patients under the NHIS was the highest in Jeonnam, followed by Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. This is the first time the . As liver disease is a potent predictor of death in all patients, a dysfunctional liver is reported to impose an additional risk through an independent mechanism of transferrin saturation or iron overload.24 Because of the strong correlation between liver disease and death, previous studies recommended that patients with liver disease should refrain from activities that involve seawater exposure if they currently have a wound or are likely to sustain a wound injury.22,23. The site is secure. Passive transfer of serum from tilapia vaccinated with a. Lee H. J., Kim J. aMultiple responses were allowed for underlying disease in the case epidemiological investigation form; bHypothyroidism 4 cases, Hypocorticalism 2 cases, Hyperthyroidism 1 case, Cushings syndrome 1 case. V. vulnificus infection can be fatal as it may cause severe wound infections potentially requiring amputation or lead to sepsis in susceptible individuals. Letchumanan V., Yin W.-F., Lee L.-H., Chan K.-G. (2015c). For example, a mud shrimp, Upogebia major rather than raw oysters represent the primary source of V. vulnificus infection in Japan (Karunasagar, 2014). Of the patients, 96.1% had underlying diseases, the most common of which was liver cirrhosis (56.3%). Park K. H., Jing S. I., Jung Y. S., Shin J. H., Hwang J. H. (2009). Regardless of the region of residence, the most common region exposed to V. vulnificus was Jeonnam (24.3%), followed by Gyeongnam (15.6%), Gyeonggi (10.7%), and Incheon (9.5%). Number of notified cases of Vibrio vulnificus infection, crude incidence rate, and age-adjusted incidence rate per 100,000 population by year, . Some of these health conditions may be present without any symptoms so people may not know they are at risk. The number of V. vulnificus infection cases reported to the KCDC was the highest in Gyeonggi Province, followed by Jeonnam Province. In Germany, Vibrio infections occur sporadically but incidence peaks after extreme heatwaves (Huehn et al., 2014). Dalsgaard A., Frimodt-Moller N., Bruun B., Hoi L., Larsen J. L. (1996). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. estimates that 80,000 people get sick each year in the U.S. due to . This suggest that the usage of antibiotics in different aquaculture and clinical settings influence the resistance pattern among the Vibrio species. The risk of infection varies regionally. Quorum sensing is a process of bacterial cell-to-cell communication involving production, release, and detection of small signal molecules, which are also known as auto-inducers (Nealson et al., 1970; Ng and Bassler, 2009). Vibrio vulnificus | Florida Department of Health It can be assumed that the warm seawater temperature affected the incidence. Both patients had open wounds on the legs and one patient died after developing the infection (Frank et al., 2006). (2009). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, Fishery and fishery product-related workers, Service, distribution industry workers, self-employed, Gastrointestinal bleeding (melena, hematemesis), Dermatorrhagia (blot hemorrhage, petechia, ecchymosis), Other bleeding (hematuria, subconjunctival hemorrhage, hemostatic disorder). Matsumoto K., Ohshinge K., Fujita N., Tomita Y., Mitsumizo S., Nakashima M., et al.. (2010). Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium that belongs to the family Vibrionaceae. The incidence of V. vulnificus infection showed a high seasonality during the study period. It was hypothesized that the salinity in Caledonia was significantly reduced due to the heavy precipitation in early 2008, which then indirectly provided a fertile environment for the organisms to proliferate. Is It Safe To Eat Raw Oysters? What To Know About Vibrio Rise and 11 deaths so far this year as of . 2015; 21 (2):259-264. Few cases were reported between January and May (Fig. Vibrio vulnificus: A summertime bacteria | CNN A. The incidence rate per 100,000 people was the highest in Jeonnam (8.23). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. (2015). V. vulnificus in seafood and aquatic environments are exhibiting resistance to multiple antibiotics due to the misuse of antibiotics (Elmahdi et al., 2016). UpToDate Vibrio species including Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus are among the common causes of foodborne infections in humans as a result of consumption of contaminated food, particularly seafood. Before Boil or simmer shucked oysters for at least 3 minutes or until the edges curl. Received 2021 Jul 14; Accepted 2022 Feb 7. From 2001 to 2016, 913 cases of V. vulnificus infection were identified (835 confirmed and 78 suspected). (2006). 1). This article aims to provide insight into the antibiotic resistance of V. vulnificus in different parts of the world as well as an overall review of its clinical manifestations, treatment, and prevention. The illness, called vibriosis, comes from eating food contaminated with vibrio bacteria and causes an estimated 52,000 illnesses a year, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , though the vast majority of those illnesses . Detection of potential virulence markers of. pH level as a marker for predicting death among patients with, Lee SH, Chung BH, Lee WC. In a previous study,20 People who drink alcoholic beverages (including beer and wine) regularly may be at risk for liver disease, and, as a result, at risk for serious illness or death from consuming raw oysters. Clinical features of, Di DY, Lee A, Jang J, Han D, Hur HG. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Water and wounds do not mix. Missouri Man Ate Raw Oysters and Died From Bacterial Infection - Insider Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium that normally lives in warm seawater and is part of a group of vibrios that are called "halophilic" because they require salt. The site is secure. Primary septicaemia, which is the main characteristic of V. vulnificus infection in humans is associated with a high mortality rate (Feldhusen, 2000). Vibrio vulnificus Health Education Kit Fact Sheet | FDA The scope of the mandatory reporting of V. vulnificus infection, a legally designated infectious disease, covers confirmed or suspected infections. Do not cook too many oysters in the same pot because the ones in the middle may not get fully cooked. The standard case report form of epidemiological investigation for V. vulnificus infection was launched in 2003, and a follow-up investigation protocol was launched in 2011 to determine the outcome of cases. vulnificus through direct contact with seawater. Nevertheless, both wound infection and bacteraemia were identified for all 62 cases (Bisharat et al., 1999). These signal molecules are constantly produced and accumulated as the cells grow (Henke and Bassler, 2004; Antunes et al., 2011). 1). This includes the drugs that are usually prescribed for V. vulnificus infections, including doxycycline, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, and cephalosporin (Baker-Austin et al., 2009). Without proper storage, V. vulnificus levels may be significantly increased when the seafood reaches point of sale and eventual consumption (retail, market) compared to at harvest (Jones, 2014). Frequency analysis was also used to compare the number of V. vulnificus infection cases reported to the KCDC with the number of patients under the NHIS. Huehn S., Eichhorn C., Urmersbach S., Bredidenbach J., Bachlars S., Bier N., et al. Ultimately, it is also key to find ways to limit antibiotic use in order to prevent increasing emergence of drug resistant microorganisms. The age-standardized incidence rate per 100,000 population was the highest in 2003 (1.73), followed by 2002 (0.77), 2006 (0.58), and 2014 (0.55). Dengue fever in Laos: 6,488 cases reported to date, 1st death of the year; Peru reports nearly 15,000 new dengue cases, Dr. Csar Henry . Inoue Y, Ono T, Matsui T, Miyasaka J, Kinoshita Y, Ihn H. Epidemiological survey of. Vibrio vulnificus, a bacteria sometimes found in raw oysters, is the cause of an estimated 100 deaths and 80,000 illnesses in the United States each year, according to the CDC. (2006). VvpM, an extracellular metalloprotease of. The risk of death is almost 200 times greater in those with liver disease than those without liver disease. Studies have shown that premature deaths (i.e., death before the age of 75 years) accounted for a large proportion of the total cost of seafood-related illness treatment costs (US$306 million), followed by medical care (US$25 million), hospitalization (US$6 million), and loss of productivity (US$15 million), and these inevitably become a great healthcare burden to the U.S. (Ralston et al., 2011). It is likely that the actual incidence of cases of V. vulnificus gastroenteritis in the community is higher than documented but that the majority of cases go unreported since the illness is seldom severe enough to require hospitalization (Strom and Paranjype, 2000). An infection can result in. Case Definitions for National Notifiable Infectious Diseases, 2019. Vibrio vulnificus is a rod shape, Gram-negative bacterium that causes sepsis (with a greater than 50% mortality rate), necrotizing fasciitis, gastroenteritis, skin, and soft tissue infection, wound infection, peritonitis, meningitis, pneumonia, keratitis, and arthritis. In people with certain medical conditions such as cancer, diabetes or liver disease death can occur within two days. 3). Vibriosis symptoms. SPH and VL performed the literature search and writing of the manuscript. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Vibrio vulnificus : An Environmental and Clinical Burden. Of all cases, 14 patients manifested with primary septicaemia and four patients with wound infection with an overall mortality of 55.6% in this study (Chang et al., 1996). Are 65 years or older How do people get vibriosis? Vibrio vulnificus: new insights into a deadly opportunistic pathogen Besides the effort of the researchers, both patients and clinicians also have to be educated in terms of effective prevention measures and antimicrobial resistance profile for an effective therapy in order to lower the fatality rate more convincingly. (2014). A passive immunization experiment was carried out recently to identify the role of antibodies against V. vulnificus infection (LaFrentz and Shoemaker, 2015). There is no doubt that bacterial infection is a significant threat to mankindhuman illness as a result of bacterial infection is common. We analyzed the incidence trends of V. vulnificus infection by year, month, and region in 913 cases reported to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC, currently Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency) by the National Infectious Disease Surveillance System from 2001 to 2016. Among the 16 regions in Korea, the incidence rate per 100,000 population was the highest in Jeonnam (8.23), followed by Gyeongnam (4.64), Jeonbuk (2.75), and Busan (2.27) (Fig. However, . pH level as a marker for predicting death among patients with. Chuang Y. C., Yuan C. Y., Liu C. Y., Lan C. K., Huang A. H. (1992). Most infections occur from May through October when water temperatures are warmer. Vugia et al. Vibrio vulnificus infections are rare. (1999). Letchumanan V., Yin W.-F., Lee L.-H., Chan K.-G. (2015a). Similar demographic characteristics have been reported in the United States,23 Taiwan,17 and Japan.19 Leng et al.10 reported that the higher infection rate among men (86.1%) is attributable to higher alcohol use and a higher percentage of occupational exposure to seawater and seafood.24 In our study, 96.1% of the cases had an underlying disease, with liver cirrhosis (56.3%) being the most common, followed by diabetes mellitus (26.7%). Motes M. L., DePaola A., Cook D. W., Veazey J. E., Hunsucker J. C., Garthright W. E., et al.. (1998). Besides that, septic shock (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg), mental status changes (obtundation, lethargy, or disorientation), and thrombocytopenia were also reported in patients with primary septicaemia (Blake et al., 1979; Klontz et al., 1988; Shapiro et al., 1998).