note: over two-thirds of the world's 793 million illiterate adults are found in only eight countries (Bangladesh, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Pakistan); of all the illiterate adults in the world, two-thirds are women; extremely low literacy rates are concentrated in three regions, the Arab states, South and West Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa, where around one-third of the men and half of all women are illiterate (200509 est. (2.8), and Central and Southern Asia (2.3). Figures for the population of Jains differ from just over six million to twelve million due to difficulties of Jain identity, with Jains in some areas counted as a Hindu sect. Examples for the second case are countries such as Netherlands, which were relatively ethnically homogeneous when they attained statehood but have received significant immigration in the 17th century and even more so in the second half of the 20th century. In Cameroon alone, a mix of Muslims, Christians,. ", "David Konstan, "Defining Ancient Greek Ethnicity", Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, vol. The two largest ethnic groups in Canada are based on the information below;Based on the History of Canada, and the fact that French settlers from the days of European colonialism, made a home in . In North America, by contrast, "[race]" most commonly means color, and "ethnics" are the descendants of relatively recent immigrants from non-English-speaking countries. The following table shows the populations of the top thirteen conglomerations. [22] Problems for humans living in cities include various forms of pollution and crime,[23] especially in inner city and suburban slums. Conversely, countries of Eastern Europe (the Baltic states, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia) tend to have a "normal" ratio at birth but a very low ratio of males among those over 65 (Russia 0.46, Latvia 0.48, Ukraine 0.52); similarly, Armenia has a far above average male ratio at birth (1.17), and a below-average male ratio above 65 (0.67). The SDF was also left to deal with the thousands of suspected IS militants captured during the last two years of the battle, as well as tens of thousands of displaced women and children associated with IS fighters. The 2001 Census of India had 8.4 million Jains. Guyana: Ethnic composition. [44][45], Ethnic groups can form a cultural mosaic in a society. [31], Another influential theoretician of ethnicity was Fredrik Barth, whose "Ethnic Groups and Boundaries" from 1969 has been described as instrumental in spreading the usage of the term in social studies in the 1980s and 1990s. Homo sapiens appear to have occupied all of Africa about 300,000 years ago, moved out of Africa 50,000 60,000 years ago, and had spread across Australia, Asia and Europe by 30,000 years BC. [3] Lower literacy levels are mostly attributable to poverty. African American, which appeared as a major ancestry group in the 2000 Census, is now listed by the Census as a racial group, with ancestry listed only for smaller groups from specific. The 2016 Census shows England and New Zealand are the next most common countries of birth after Australia, the proportion of people born in China and India has increased since 2011 (from 6.0 per cent to 8.3 per cent, and 5.6 per cent to 7.4 per cent, respectively). The Indo-Guyanese (Guyanese of South Asian descent) form the largest ethnic group in the country, representing about two-fifths of the population. In February 2008, the U.N. estimated that half the world's population would live in urban areas by the end of the year. [8], The world population more than tripled during the 20th century from about 1.65 billion in 1900 to 5.97 billion in 1999. a US-led multinational coalition launched air strikes, Designer can refuse gay couples, top US court says, Mossad says it abducted hitman from inside Iran, Biden's $430bn student loan plan axed by top court, Rescuers amputate leg of woman stuck in travelator, Eight-year election ban for Brazil's Bolsonaro, Finland minister resigns over Nazi references, Unusual rise in child type 1 diabetes after Covid. [1][2] The world's literacy rate has increased dramatically in the last 40 years, from 66.7% in 1979 to 86.3% today. Ernest Gellner (1997) Nationalism. In 2006, more than 36 millions died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients". Improved Race, Ethnicity Measures Show U.S. is More Multiracial Latinos had a median age of 30 in 2019, up from 27 in 2010. [9] The Greek term in early antiquity (Homeric Greek) could refer to any large group, a host of men, a band of comrades as well as a swarm or flock of animals. [21] The process that results in emergence of such identification is called ethnogenesis. That could be in a city like New York City or Trieste, but also the fallen monarchy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the United States. . 96% of the urban population has access to improved drinking water, while only 78% of rural inhabitants have improved drinking water. Western islands The diverse ethnic populations of western Indonesia generally may be grouped into three broad categories. The 19th century saw the development of the political ideology of ethnic nationalism, when the concept of race was tied to nationalism, first by German theorists including Johann Gottfried von Herder. The SDF said it had been "stabbed in the back" by the US and warned that the offensive might reverse the defeat of IS, the fight against which it said it could no longer prioritise. [77], The average age of marriage varies greatly from country to country and has varied through time. Why were Kurds at the forefront of the fight against IS? Racialized groups - Canada at a Glance, 2022. Aihway Ong 1996 "Cultural Citizenship in the Making" in. So, ethnic groups are conceived as mutable rather than stable, constructed in discursive practices rather than written in the genes.[37]. Chinese Americans are the largest Asian origin group in the U.S., making up 24% of the Asian population, or 5.4 million people. The U.S. Hispanic population reached 62.1 million in 2020, accounting for 19% of all Americans and making it the nation's second largest racial or ethnic group, behind White Americans and ahead of Black Americans, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. [24], Source: Maddison and others. It is, nevertheless, the process of labor mobilization under capitalism that imparts to these distinctions their effective values. "Notes on Midnight Basketball and the Cultural Politics of Recreation, Race and At-Risk Urban Youth". In terms of the largest number of native speakers, Mandarin is the world's most spoken language. (1978) "Ethnicity: Problem and Focus in Anthropology". 8.2% (2009 est.) When the uprising evolved into a civil war, the main Kurdish parties publicly avoided taking sides. Hartmann, Douglas. The term ethnic is derived from the Greek word ethnos (more precisely, from the adjective ethnikos,[8] which was loaned into Latin as ethnicus). In August 2014, the jihadists launched a surprise offensive and the Peshmerga withdrew from several areas. They make up the fourth-largest ethnic group in the Middle East, but they have never obtained a permanent nation state. Ethnic groups - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency Park outlined four steps to assimilation: contact, conflict, accommodation, and assimilation. Syria's Kurds have long been suppressed and denied basic rights. The last pocket of territory held by IS in Syria - around the village of Baghouz - fell to the SDF in March 2019. Kurds make up an estimated 15% to 20% of Iraq's population. For the third straight year, Latinos were the largest ethnic group of admitted students at around 37%, followed by Asian Americans . [32] Barth went further than Weber in stressing the constructed nature of ethnicity. Many social scientists,[20] such as anthropologists Fredrik Barth and Eric Wolf, do not consider ethnic identity to be universal. Tokyo is the largest urban agglomeration in the world. Eriksen "Ethnic identity, national identity and intergroup conflict: The significance of personal experiences" in Ashmore, Jussim, Wilder (eds. Demographics of India - Wikipedia The first white Europeans to arrive in the Dominican Republic were the Spanish in 1492. (editor), The Religions of the World: Understanding the Living Faiths, Marshall Editions Limited: USA (1993); pg. Portuguese is spoken by about 230 million speakers in Portugal, Brazil, East Timor, and Southern Africa. This was contrary to the prevailing naturalist belief of the time, which held that socio-cultural and behavioral differences between peoples stemmed from inherited traits and tendencies derived from common descent, then called "race". The world's population is predominantly urban and suburban,[6] and there has been significant migration toward cities and urban centres. [90], Population in the world increased from 1990 to 2008 with 1,423 billion and 27% growth. Ethnic group that live in the Caribbean are Indigenous peoples, Africans, Indians, white Europeans, the Chinese and the Portuguese. In 2021, fertility levels high were found in sub-Saharan Africa (4.6 births per woman), Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand (3.1), Northern Africa and Western Asia In March 2016, they announced the establishment of a "federal system" that included mainly Arab and Turkmen areas captured from IS. After World War One and the defeat of the Ottoman Empire . Social media; It launched repeated attacks that until mid-2014 were repelled by the People's Protection Units (YPG) - the armed wing of the Syrian Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD). Biggest Ethnic Groups In India - World Map / World Atlas / Atlas of the [21][irrelevant citation]. He wanted to part with anthropological notions of cultures as bounded entities, and ethnicity as primordialist bonds, replacing it with a focus on the interface between groups. [32], In this way, he pointed to the fact that identification of an ethnic group by outsiders, e.g. About 6,000 years ago, the first proto-states developed in Mesopotamia, Egypt's Nile Valley and the Indus Valley. The colonization of Asia was largely ended in the 20th century, with national drives for independence and self-determination across the continent. Britain has one of the highest rates of interracial relationships in the western world. ThiE. According to Jean Ziegler (the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food for 2000 to March 2008), mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58% of the total mortality in 2006: "In the world, approximately 62 millions people, all causes of death combined, die each year. Afghanistan (University of Groningen). In 2021, the number of Americans who identified as non-Hispanic and more than one race was 13.5 million. ethnic group, a social group or category of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture. In response, the SDF turned to the Syrian government for help and reached a deal for the Syrian army to deploy along the border. [13] The United Nations estimated an annual population increase of 1.14% for the year of 2000. [89] The Austronesians of Oceania are further broken up into three distinct groups; Melanesians, Micronesians and Polynesians. [58] The ethnicity paradigm neglected the ways in which race can complicate a community's interactions with social and political structures, especially upon contact. [96] In July 2011, the UK's Office for National Statistics (ONS) announced a 2.4% increase in live births in the UK in 2010 alone. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of, The Monaco government uses a smaller surface area figure resulting in a population density of 18,078 per km, Kettani, H. (2014). Because serious errors of this kind are habitually committed when the term "race" is used in popular parlance, it would be better when speaking of human races to drop the term "race" altogether and speak of "ethnic groups".[70]. [70] While, Islam however has gained considerably in the Soviet Unions former republics in Central Asia. Various fertility factors may be involved, such as education and urbanization. 8.7% (2010 est.) [69] With Weber's introduction of the idea of ethnicity as a social construct, race and ethnicity became more divided from each other. The country with the lowest birth rate is Japan at 7.64 births per 1000 people. His government has also rejected Kurdish demands for autonomy, saying that "nobody in Syria accepts talk about independent entities or federalism". Some countries with a historically large Christian population have experienced a significant decline in the numbers of professed active Christians: see demographics of atheism. There is deep-seated hostility between the Turkish state and the country's Kurds, who constitute 15% to 20% of the population. [citation needed] Lower literacy rates are found mostly in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Arabic is spoken by around 350 million people predomimantly in Arab world. For the group aged below 15, Sierra Leone has the highest female ratio with 0.96 males/female, and Georgia and China are tied for the highest male ratio with 1.13 males/female (according to the 2006 CIA World Factbook). [80], Globally, the growth rate of the human population has been declining since peaking in 1962 and 1963 at 2.20% per annum. But it was not until 1961 that he launched a full armed struggle. Mixed race 'fastest growing minority' - BBC News - BBC - Home Canadian is the largest self-identified ethnic group in Canada. The number of Hispanic Americans who identified as multiracial was 20.3 million. In some cases, especially involving transnational migration or colonial expansion, ethnicity is linked to nationality. Should the federal government pay reparations to African Americans who are the descendants of slaves? [56] This theory was put forward by sociologist Robert E. Park in the 1920s. Camoroff, John L. and Jean Camoroff 2009: Ethnicity Inc. Chicago: Chicago Press. [32] This may be why descent is sometimes a marker of ethnicity, and sometimes not: which diacritic of ethnicity is salient depends on whether people are scaling ethnic boundaries up or down, and whether they are scaling them up or down depends generally on the political situation. [90][91][92] Contemporary residents are mainly mestizos and Europeans from the Latin American countries whom administer them,[93] although none of these islands have extensive populations. When Iraq was defeated in the 1991 Gulf War, Barzani's son Massoud and Jalal Talabani of the rival Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) led a Kurdish rebellion. However, world population growth is unevenly distributed, with the total fertility rate ranging from one of the world's lowest 0.83 in Singapore, to the highest, 6.49 in Niger. Instead of attributing the marginalized status of people of color in the United States to their inherent biological inferiority, he attributed it to their failure to assimilate into American culture. The number of people who consider themselves party to a "folk tradition" is impossible to determine. According to Eriksen, these debates have been superseded, especially in anthropology, by scholars' attempts to respond to increasingly politicized forms of self-representation by members of different ethnic groups and nations. Kurds received harsh treatment at the hands of the Turkish authorities for generations. In 1982, anthropologist David Craig Griffith summed up forty years of ethnographic research, arguing that racial and ethnic categories are symbolic markers for different ways people from different parts of the world have been incorporated into a global economy: The opposing interests that divide the working classes are further reinforced through appeals to "racial" and "ethnic" distinctions. The parties co-operated with the US-led invasion in 2003 that toppled Saddam and governed in coalition in the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), created two years later to administer Dohuk, Irbil and Sulaimaniya provinces. ), Median Age 31 years (male: 30.3 years, female: 31.8 years, 2021 est. Search and menus; . The following month Iraqi pro-government forces retook the disputed territory held by the Kurds. Their ancestors arrived mostly as indentured labour from India to replace Africans in plantation work. Who are the Kurds? - BBC - Homepage Michael Omi and Howard Winant's theory of racial formation directly confronts both the premises and the practices of ethnicity theory. In September 2014, IS launched an assault on the enclave around the northern Syrian Kurdish town of Kobane, forcing tens of thousands of people to flee across the nearby Turkish border. Women tend to marry earlier than men and currently varies from 17.6 for women in Niger, to 32.4 for women in Denmark while men range from 22.6 in Mozambique to 35.1 in Sweden. The world has hundreds of major cities, mostly in coastal regions. In 1988, Saddam Hussein unleashed a campaign of vengeance on the Kurds that included the chemical attack on Halabja. African Americans are one of the largest of the many ethnic groups in the United States. Franais / Statistique Canada. Podcast: Wagner group's Africa dealings and raids in Europe's new pot In the 20th century, people began to argue that conflicts among ethnic groups or between members of an ethnic group and the state can and should be resolved in one of two ways. [106] Female labor participation rate also has substantial negative impact on fertility. [71], According to Wolf, racial categories were constructed and incorporated during the period of European mercantile expansion, and ethnic groupings during the period of capitalist expansion. Ethnic groups. What are the two largest ethnic groups in Canada? - Answers The White population remained the largest race or ethnicity group in the United States, with 204.3 million people identifying as White alone. As defined by the Statistics Bureau of Japan; refers to Kanto major metropolitan area (M.M.A.). Birth rates ranging from 10 to 20 births per 1000 are considered low, while rates from 40 to 50 births per 1000 are considered high. The history of late-comers to the nation-state model, such as those arising in the Near East and south-eastern Europe out of the dissolution of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires, as well as those arising out of the former USSR, is marked by inter-ethnic conflicts. [81], The indigenous people in North America are Native Americans. Symptoms of the decline in active participation in Christian religious life include declining recruitment for the priesthood and monastic life, as well as diminishing attendance at church. They culminated in the rise of "nation-states" in which the presumptive boundaries of the nation coincided (or ideally coincided) with state boundaries. Although both organic and performative criteria characterise ethnic groups, debate in the past has dichotomised between primordialism and constructivism. Some Hispanic and Latino Americans living in the United States are not mestizos. Thus, anthropologist Joan Vincent observed that ethnic boundaries often have a mercurial character. [citation needed], African slaves were brought to North America from the 16th to 19th centuries during the Atlantic slave trade. The declaration was rejected by the Syrian government, the Syrian opposition, Turkey and the US. Migration to the Americas took place 20,000 to 15,000 years ago, and by 2,000 years ago, most of the Pacific Islands were colonized. In mid-2013, the jihadist group Islamic State (IS) turned its sights on three Kurdish enclaves that bordered territory under its control in northern Syria. Worldwide, English is used widely as a lingua franca and can be seen to be the dominant language at this time. Aiming to change the outcome of World War One. The term ethnic group was first recorded in 1935 and entered the Oxford English Dictionary in 1972. Nearly all states in Oceania have majority indigenous populations, with notable exceptions being Australia, New Zealand and Norfolk Island, who have majority European populations. Europe has a large number of ethnic groups; Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities within every state they inhabit (although they may form local regional majorities within a sub-national entity). [105][bettersourceneeded] In industrialized nations, the proportion was even higher according to that article, reaching 90%. [10] [4] The world's largest ethnic group is Han Chinese, constituting over 19% of the global population in 2011. Those attributes can include common sets of traditions, ancestry, language, history, society, nation, religion, or social treatment within their residing area. Russia has more than 185 recognized ethnic groups besides the eighty percent ethnic Russian majority. Read about our approach to external linking. On the coasts of Asia, the ethnic groups have adopted various methods of harvest and transport. Third, group formation resulted from the drive to monopolize power and status. Ethnic group - Britannica [18] The overall population of the world is approximately 8 billion as of November 2022. Thus, the conflicts are often misleadingly labeled and characterized as civil wars when they are inter-ethnic conflicts in a multi-ethnic state. Largest Ethnic Groups In Kenya - WorldAtlas Those forces captured the key border town of Jarablus, preventing the YPG-led SDF from seizing the territory itself and linking up with the Kurdish enclave of Afrin to the west. 76% of the urban population has access to sanitation facilities, while only 45% of the rural population has access. There are thousands of ethnic groups in the country, each with their languages and customs. [73], In the U.S., the OMB says the definition of race as used for the purposes of the US Census is not "scientific or anthropological" and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference".[74].